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Q&A: Did the Sages Understand Better Than the Holy One, Blessed Be He?

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This is an English translation (via GPT-5.4). Read the original Hebrew version.

Did the Sages Understand Better Than the Holy One, Blessed Be He?

Question

In Bava Metzia (91b), the Mishnah states that by Torah law a laborer has the right to eat while he is engaged in the actual work itself (and the Torah did not give him the right to eat when moving from one task to another). Then the Sages came and expanded the laborer’s right, enacting that he may eat even when he is not engaged in the work itself (between one task and another), so that when the actual work resumes he will no longer be hungry and will be able to concentrate better on the work, and thus the employer will profit. 
 
This is one example among many in which it seems to me as though the Sages evaluated and understood reality better than the Holy One, blessed be He. After all, if this enactment really benefits the employer more, and everyone is happy because the laborer eats and the employer gets better-quality work, then why didn’t the Torah establish it that way from the outset? In their enactment, the Sages are basically saying: “Listen, Torah, you made a slight mistake, and something better for everyone needs to be fixed.” 
This requires explanation. (Here this is an enactment, not a decree or a fence, where of course there is no question, because the Sages were more stringent, and one can always be more stringent; that does not mean that the original source that was not stringent was mistaken. But here this is a new enactment that seems more reasonable than the original enactment.)

Answer

This is not a question of who understands better at all. There is a division of roles between the Torah and the Rabbis. Matters whose purpose is the betterment of society and protective ordinances—means toward other ends—all these are the role of the Sages. Things that are essential law are Torah law. I have discussed this in several places (for example, in my lectures on the market-regulation enactment). The permission to eat during the work itself is an essential permission, and therefore it is Torah law. The permission to eat between jobs is a means to help the laborer work better, and therefore it is rabbinic. Incidentally, a rabbinic law of this kind could have existed since the six days of Creation. This is not a chronological issue at all. A rabbinic law that arose during history was created as a response to some change in circumstances. But laws of the type I described here can always be valid and nevertheless still be rabbinic laws.
See Tur 582, 429, and my article on the market-regulation enactment.

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