Notebook Six – From the Status of Mount Sinai to Today's Laws

I admit in advance that this is not a question, but a request.
In the fifth notebook, the goal was to convince of the credibility of Judaism, and it is indeed very convincing. But the Judaism described there is very vague, while in reality it is so complex and complicated. A look at the notebook can give the impression that Jewish customs/commandments/tradition are something that has been passed down from generation to generation without change from the time of Mount Sinai to the present day. In fact, the author only convinced that it is likely that there was a time of Mount Sinai and that something was given there. Nothing more than that. I would like to know beyond that, that in our day it is the Toshbin (and especially the Talmud).
No matter how hard I try, I can't understand the logic behind accepting the Talmud as a binding source like receiving the Torah at Mount Sinai. The concept of public consent is very vague to me. And even if we agree on what it means, why should it even be considered a legitimate consideration?
This topic is very, very confusing to me, and I only found places where you addressed it in the responsa here and there. But I feel (and I think other readers do too) that a more detailed explanation is needed, (hence the title). Like the author who made the transition from belief in a philosophical God to belief in a theistic God who was revealed at Mount Sinai, then perhaps an author who would explain how one moves from agreement that there was indeed such a revelation, to agreement on the laws in our day.
 
For your consideration, thank you.