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Q&A: The Limits of Inquiry

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This is an English translation (via GPT-5.4). Read the original Hebrew version.

The Limits of Inquiry

Question

Hello Rabbi,
I had a discussion with a friend in which we reached the conclusion that there is no escaping the fact that a person cannot rely on the faith into which he was born, and must investigate with his own reason.
There is no escaping it, because a Muslim is also certain that Muhammad is the last prophet and that the Quran is a book from Heaven, and a Christian is certain that Jesus is the last prophet and that whoever does not believe in him will not receive his forgiveness. The idea is clear: everyone is convinced they are right.
And we came to the conclusion that since you see how people believe wholeheartedly and with strong faith in contradictory beliefs, there is no choice but for a person to understand that just because he was raised and educated in a certain way does not mean he is right,
and in fact a person can rely on himself only after a rational inquiry in which he has properly learned the issues and his arguments are valid.
And here comes another insight: that a person who wants to clarify the objective truth needs to be sure, and it must be clear to him, that he conducted a completely objective inquiry, such that even if he had been born Christian or Muslim he would have reached the same conclusions,
because if he thinks he would not have reached the conclusions he currently holds, but rather that if he had been born Christian he would be Christian, that means he understands that the influence of the education and culture he calls faith is not objective, and therefore he cannot rely on himself.
Up to this point, is the reasoning correct?
 
And if we are right in this reasoning,
then basically the question is: okay, true, there is no escaping it and reason is what we have, but let’s admit the truth:
many of these topics are philosophically very complicated, very deep, and not simple. Even with your book, not everyone can read it and understand it, and in practice most people in the world have neither the talent nor the inner strength to conduct serious and careful inquiry into the great and fundamental questions. 
Some people can be honest with themselves and say: I do not have the ability to make this effort intellectually, especially when a person sees that smart, talented, and upright people have believed almost every possible faith, and that there are people much smarter than he is,
and a person can also conclude that they were more honest and upright than he is, and if he is honest with himself he can also admit that perhaps he is biased and unable to conduct this discussion properly.
So in that case his conclusion will be that he simply does not know!
That he does not have the ability to attain the truth; he does not have the talent or the inner strength. And if we speak honestly, we will see that most of humanity does not have this ability. The proof is that they do not deal with these questions, and those who do deal with them do not manage to do so seriously.
So if that is the case, the question is:
If a person is honest with himself, should he say to himself, “I do not know, and I have no ability to attain the truth”?
Does he have any solution by which he can attain the truth?
And could the solution be that such a person should examine who are the most talented, upright, and honest people he knows, and very simply rely on them, because presumably they have come closest to the truth out of the options he knows.
And always remain doubtful, since he himself does not have the ability to attain the truth.

Answer

All of that is correct. Every person is supposed to make decisions for himself, and even if he fears he made a mistake, the Torah was not given to ministering angels.

Discussion on Answer

Elchanan (2025-09-08)

But a person needs to be realistic.

I know about myself, for example, that there are complicated issues in physics and mathematics that I try very hard to understand, and I just don’t.
I can’t manage it.

And there are complicated issues in faith too, where I also stand confused and can’t understand.

So isn’t it more realistic that I should simply look for the smart and untainted people and rely on their research?

Like I do in medicine, for example. I rely on the professional doctor, even though it can be a matter of life and death.

Elchanan (2025-09-08)

And one more point:

Let’s ask honestly for a moment,

How many people in the world can know that they would believe in their set of values even if they had been born somewhere else?!

The fact is that most people born Christian remain that way, and most Jews remain that way,

So what does the Holy One, blessed be He, want from most of humanity?

Michi (2025-09-08)

No, because there are smart and good people who hold opposing views. Even in deciding who is the smartest and cleanest, your biases and misunderstandings are involved. You cannot escape the fact that you are the one who decides, and the OCD should be left aside.

Elchanan (2025-09-08)

Okay, accepted.
I cannot escape the fact that I decide what the truth is.

But I also cannot escape the fact that my ability is limited, and therefore in many areas of life I do not, at least for now, have the ability to know what the truth is.

That’s not OCD, it’s looking at the depth and complexity and understanding the limitations.

Moshe (2025-09-10)

In my humble opinion, it seems that what the Holy One, blessed be He, wants from most of humanity is that each person do the best he can to clarify the truth and act accordingly. Part of clarifying the truth includes understanding that I am not the smartest person in the world, and that one should take other people’s words into account, especially those who seem to me to have a good understanding of what truth is. (This also includes character work, which is critical in order to sharpen one’s spiritual sense for finding the truth, which is not always discoverable through intellectual tools.)

Since it is revealed before Him that the average person is limited in his ability to reach the truth, both because of the place where he was born and because of his talents and character, then insofar as the person did the best he could in this matter, he has fulfilled his role in the best possible way.

Musing (2025-09-10)

C. S. Lewis, in one of the Narnia books (the last one, I think), suggested the same idea. Even someone who worshiped the wrong god (there: “Tash”)—while aiming toward the truth (there: “Aslan”)—will receive reward for his deed.

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